Global perspectives assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global perspectives assessment - Research Paper Example This means that the US criminal justice system including its law enforcement could go beyond the boundary of the state as the crime itself could be created beyond boundaries, but could still have substantial threats on the part of the nation. At this point, the US could remarkably play the role of a global police, trying to maintain peace and order situation of the whole world just as to ensure stability of peace in its state. This is a significant and probable response to the growing international dimensions of crime. Criminals might be staying out of the US state, but still could inflict potential threats due to the spreading wide coverage of their scope, connections and evolving organizational control. In response to this, the US state should also therefore expand the exposure of its criminal justice system throughout the world. Let us add to the problem when technological influences on global criminality enter the scene. The advancement of technology at the other part of it does not only bring comfort, but trouble at the same time if used at the criminals’ vantage point of view. Concerning this, the US criminal justice system needs to make its effort twice as much, double its time and never delay in order to keep its pace even more than the level of the criminals. Added to the issue is the diversified US culture, leading to the point that the US criminal justice system requires international cooperation so as to ward off probable threats on America’s borders and of other relevant crimes. The heterogeneous culture in the US though it may provide certain advantages, but at the other side of it, the bottom line is that there are other probable problems tied up with it. For example, the diverse culture creates a portal making it easy for bigger syndicates to easily move in and out of the US federal state. They became too familiar with the US culture, but on the other side, the US still needs to learn more about varying culture. This signifies the need to learn more about the existing different cultures on the part of the US, be familiar with them too and use this for its competitive advantage. That is why it requires constant international cooperation to solve existing crimes and even those new cases as upshots of varying changes not only brought by technology and different cultures, but the globalization in general. For this reason, the US is strongly advancing to create an effort to solve crimes and as much as possible hinder possible great impacts they could bring to the entire state. Compare and contrast international criminal justice systems Socialist law traditions are used by the states that are communists and are formerly communists. They employed the Marxist-Leninist ideology (Joerges & Ghaleigh, 2003). Another branch of law is civil law which deals with legal disputes among individuals or organizations and those who win the case may be able to receive compensation (Dunham, 2008). The common law on the other hand is a case-based reasoning law, evaluating the case and then applying what laws might probably apply to it (Holmes, 2005). Embodied in the Islamic law are the religious duties employing Allah’s commands (Standke, 2008). As noticed, these international criminal justice systems have varying foundations and beliefs as their means to ultimately come up with the right and appropriate decisions. While socialist law is

Plato Analysis Essay Example for Free

Plato Analysis Essay Platos The Republic centers on a simple question: is it better to be just than unjust? In answering this overlying question, Socrates outlines the ideal city and how justice is a virtue of that city. From there, he characterizes justice as a virtue of the soul. It is while he is discussing the soul that Socrates begins to define the different types of souls. Rather than comparing and contrasting each soul, Plato quickly jumps into contrasting the tyrannical soul with the aristocratic soul ? the most unjust with the most just. In Book IX of Platos The Republic, Socrates describes a man in an awful state asserting that the worst of souls is the tyrant. This accurate assertion can be seen through the consideration of not only the tyrants personal characteristics but also the negative ______ he contributes to the city. In Book VIII of Platos Republic, the five types of people are presented in parallel to the fives types of regimes. The most inferior of the five regimes is tyranny. Correspondingly, the tyrannical soul is then the most inferior person. Socrates examines the steady decline from one regime to the next, starting with the fall from aristocracy to timocracy when factions arise between auxiliaries and guardians. This decline comes because of injustice and the spirit of the auxiliaries not abiding by the edicts of reason. Further decline due to an excess of desire and the degradation of spirit ultimately leads to tyranny. This is the most wretched of all the regimes as the tyrant is the most wretched of souls. Book IX of The Republic begins with a story of two young men whose lives take opposite paths. The first is raised in a home more Spartan than Athenian, born to a parsimonious father who honors the money-making desires while despising the ones that arent necessary but exist for the sake of play and showing off (572c). The son rebels against his austere upbringing, and revels in the company of subtler men who delight in the pleasures of the world (572c). However, because the young man has been brought up to abhor such worldliness, in the end he chooses a middle path ? neither illiberal nor hostile to law ? having become what Plato describes as a man of the people (572d). This introduction is important, because Plato uses the young man previously described to contrast the second. The second man is perhaps the son of the first, raised in moderation, to appreciate both the diligence of work and the joy of pleasure. When the same influences, friends, and ideas that changed his father begin to work on him, this young man does not have the inner moral courage to chart his own path. With his father urging moderation and his friends encouraging irresponsibility, the young man is torn between the two. Herein lies the downfall of the man ? the dread enchanters and tyrant-makers who espouse reckless pleasure-seeking realize that they will not win him over with continued persuasion, so they seek to make him a slave to his own desires (573a). Plato calls these desires love, but lust may be a more apt description (573b). Having now become a drone, the young man is imbued with desire to satisfy the temporal passions that bring momentary pleasure (573b). This desire drives him insane. He has madness as his bodyguard, and runs amuck, eliminating those whose own decency contrasts with his own lack thereof, killing them out of shame. The tyrant is characterized as the worst of souls because of his personal attributes that are detrimental and undesirable to any man. Drunken, erotic, and melancholic, he lives solely to satisfy the passions and desires that run rampant in his mind (573c). This man does little good by himself or his fellowmen, and, if given the opportunity, would become the most terrible of rulers. Plato defines this man to be his tyrant and describes him as the most miserable person in society. Socrates and Glaucon characterize the person ruled by lawless attitudes as enslaved, having the least amount of control to what he wants. The tyrant is full of confusion and regret, fearful and poor, with an insatiable appetite (577c-578a). To any human being, it would be least desirable to become a person as described above who is never satisfied. The greatest control an individual can obtain is control over their own thoughts and desires. Without this control, a person is miserable and relies on the outside world to fill his appetite. To illustrate the idea that a tyrant is simply one whose passions are out of control, Plato compares the tyrant to a drunken man. Just as a drunken man has a tyrannical spirit, so a man drunk on his own lustful desires has the same (573c). The tyrannical soul is seen as enslaved because it desires satisfactions that solely depend on external circumstances. As long as these desires continue to consume the tyrant and are never completely satisfied, the tyrant is least able to do what he wants. By virtue of not being able to do what he wants, the tyrant is full of confusion and disorder. This man is in an awful state and lives only in misery. By showing the development of the tyrant from undisciplined childhood to irrational adulthood, Plato shows his reader the warning signs that accompany such a person. He describes the despots of the ancient world for what they were: lustful men whose bodily appetites reign over their personal lives and the societies unfortunate enough to be at their command. Socrates explains that the only thing worse than the tyrannical soul is the tyrannical soul who goes public and becomes the political tyrant (578c). Socrates continues, The man who is mad and deranged undertakes and expects to be able to rule not only over human beings but gods, too (573c). With this phrase, Socrates begins to show why the reader should be wary of the rise of a political tyrant. He describes how a tyrants rule is bad for those he rules over. Having gotten the idea that he should rule over both men and gods, the tyrant uses this power, once obtained, to satisfy his selfish desires. Feasts, revels, parties, courtesans, and everything else of the sort, are hallmarks of his reign (573d). Such living, however, rapidly depletes his income and resources, and he is then forced to obtain resources from others which consequently becomes to the city. The tyrannical man can only give so much to the people of the city. He will therefore enlist them in necessary and just wars to continue his popularity and to account for the poor economy. These just wars serve to perpetuate the continual need for a tyrant. Because the tyrants actions displease those who helped set him up, he must gradually do away with them until he is left without a friend or foe. Socrates contrasts this to the work of a doctor. A doctor is seen as helpful and needed because he takes off the worst of the body and leaves the rest (567c). However, the tyrant does the opposite, taking off the best and leaving the worst. This is a necessity for him to rule; consequently, he hurts the city. The tyrant, slave to his love, or personal passions, becomes a tyrant over others. He begins to find those with means and seeks to deprive them of it, usually by force. He is addicted to his desires, racked with pains and aches when he cannot fill them (Plato, 263). No one is immune to his wild demands. He will victimize his own parents, claiming he deserves to get the better of his father and mother (574a). If they resist, they will meet the same fate as anyone else who opposes the madman. In short, his childhood of moderation has become a career of chaos. The tyrant is a slave to himself and his desires in the city. The moral of Platos argument is clear. Even a small minority of tyrants can cause trouble within a community. Plato suggests that in times of war, tyrants flock to the battlefront, volunteering their services to distant tyrants as mercenaries and bodyguards (Plato, 264). But in times of peace, they remain at home and comprise a class of lawless criminals. Thieves, burglars, cutpurses, pickpockets, temple robbers, kidnappers, all are tyrants waiting for their chance to take power (Plato, 265). Platos warning to society is to teach temperance and philosophy to the rising generation, so that they do not become tyrants and lead their city into ruin. In an age where democracy was a new and rare commodity, the threat of becoming subject to a tyrant in ancient Greece was very real indeed. Philosophers like Plato tried to discover how the tyrants of the age became so, so that they could avoid coming under their power. Having philosophically defined tyrants as evil and unjust in the realm of philosophy, Plato uses logic in Book IX of The Republic to support the assumption that totalitarian societies, like those of Athenss neighbors, suffer under the reign of such leaders. This argument will later lead to his assertion that philosophers are the best leaders a state can have. Bound by ethics and reason, philosopher-kings would ensure that society is properly educated, supremely tolerant, and, most importantly, true to the ideal of justice that Plato holds dear.

Using GPS to Track a Particular Person Essay -- Global Positioning Sys

Using GPS to Track a Particular Person Introduction Often times its hard to imagine how the world survived without cell phones. Its an automatic response, when you see a car accident you take out your cell phone and dial for help, or when a child is waiting for a ride they will call their parents to see how far away they are. It is a great convenience for society to be able to do such things. Imagine if you didn't even have to call somebody to find out where they were. It may seem like a futuristic idea, humanity being capable of such mind reading; however, the advancement of GPS, global positioning systems, those ideas are coming to life in the present. GPS is a way to track one's position at anytime. This is done through the use of satellites monitored by stations on the ground. There are signals transmitted from a given satellite to the receiver on Earth. It is this information that gives precise location to one's whereabouts. Although this service sounds quite convenient and has its obvious benefits, there are other issues to be considered. For example, many ethical dilemmas that play from privacy issues. In a world when at one time you could take a walk to remove yourself from the eye of another, we not may be under constant supervision of sorts. Tracking devises are easily placed in many things, cell phones, which are used by nearly all people in today's American society, are the recent and most wide spread target for GPS. Is it ethical to track someone through an everyday devices such as a cell phone, is tracking people ethical in itself? These are the questions that must be resolved before we can celebrate the positives of such technological advancements. What is GPS GPS stands for global positioning syste... ...://www.mercat.com/QUEST/HowWorks.htm> 11.<http://www.gpscity.com/gps/brados/0971.1.2743342731310439294/privacy.html> 12.CNet Networks ZDNet. 2003. <http://reviews-zdnet.com.com/AnchorDesk/4520-7298_16- 4208024.html> . 13.How Stuff Works, Inc. 1998-2003. Media Network: A convex company. <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps1.htm> 14. George A. Chidi Jr., Qualcomm turns Cell Phones into GPS Systems. 16 Jan 2002. < http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,80085,00.asp> 15.Tsai, Tsungming. Visualizing Terrain and Navigation Data. U.S. Department of Technology, Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001. 16.Corr, O. Casey. "Money from thin air : the story of Craig McCaw, the visionary who invented the cell phone industry, and his next billion-dollar idea". New York : Crown Business, 2000.

Middle Eastern airline Emirates has appointed Chemistry

Middle Eastern airline Emirates has appointed Chemistry Communications to handle its direct marketing account. The agency replaces DDA and is tasked with developing customer management strategies, as well as other direct activities. Emirates has appointed VCCP and sales promotion agency Gasoline to its roster to work on as-yet unspecified projects. The appointment follows the Dubai airline’s decision to hire Grey London to create a global advertising campaign for its business-class service. Emirates will offer daily non-stop flights between Los Angeles and Dubai on September 1.The new flight runs a distance of 8,339 miles, taking 16 hours and 35 minutes from Dubai to California; the duration of the return flight will be slightly shorter at just under 16 hours.Emirates currently flies twice daily to New York and once daily to Houston.  Emirates is to promote its new Dubai-Sao Paulo service through a digital campaign that will include the longest ad ever.  The advert will al so air on cable TV, allowing it to be recognised as the longest ever by Guinness World Records. Emirates has ended its management contract with Sri Lankan Airlines, fuelling speculation that it may sell its 43.6% stake in the Dubai-based carrier.Emirates has valued its share at $150 million, with Mr Clark saying its purchase would be one â€Å"hell of an opportunity† for a regional carrier  The Emirates Group has posted a 23.5% rise in group net profits to  £500 million backed by a record  £424 million profit at its airline. The government-owned airline added 3 million passengers over the financial year ending 31 March, 2007.  During the 2006-07 financial year Emirates added 12 new Boeing 777-300ER aircraft and launched new services to Nagoya, Tunis, Bangalore and Beijing, while increasing frequency to existing destinations like Dusseldorf and ZurichEmirates Airline, the government-owned Dubai carrier, has reported a 29% increase in year-on-year net profit to AED1.2 b illion ( £171.6 million) for the fiscal first half ended 30 September 2006.  Passenger revenue rose 31% for the period, with the number of passengers increasing 20% to 8.39 million.  Emirates announced that it has launched service to 10 cities since January 2006, with its total network now standing at 87 destinations.Almost four months after its initial announcement that the new A380 superjumbo would suffer launch delays in June 2006, after which point several further postponements have been tabled, Airbus parent company EADS has issued a â‚ ¬4.8 billion profit warning, more than double that mooted when the first problems occurred. The figure works against EADS’ â€Å"baseline plan† for the period between 2006 and 2010, and will be recorded as a shortfall in operating profits.Separately, the A380’s biggest advance order customer, Emirates, which has requested 45 of the total 159 ordered aircraft, has said that as a result of the latest delays, which put the A380’s release at no earlier than August 2008, it is â€Å"reviewing its options.†On 25th October 1985, Emirates flew its first routes out of Dubai with just two aircraft—a leased Boeing 737 and Airbus 300 B4. Then as now, our goal was quality, not quantity, and in the years since taking those first small steps onto the regional travel scene, Emirates has evolved into a globally influential travel and tourism conglomerate known the world over for our commitment to the highest standards of quality in every aspect of our business.Though wholly owned by the Government of Dubai, Emirates has grown in scale and stature not through protectionism but through competition—competition with the ever-growing number of international carriers that take advantage of Dubai’s open-skies policy. Not only do we support that policy, but we see it as vital to maintaining our identity and our competitiveness. After making its initial start-up investment, the Govern ment of Dubai  saw fit to treat Emirates as a wholly independent business entity, and today we are thriving because of it. Our growth has never been lower than 20 per cent annually, and the airline has recorded an annual profit in every year since its third in operation.Continuing our explosive growth while continually striving to provide the best service in the industry is the secret of Emirates’ success. The Emirates Group announced record net profits of Dhs  3.5 billion (US$  942 million) for the financial year ended 31st March 2007. The 28.8 per cent increase in profits versus the previous year speaks  of a  promising future of an airline we feel is greater than the sum of its many parts, which now include: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An award winning international cargo division ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A full-fledged destination management and leisure division ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An international ground-handler ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An airline IT developer.With a fleet of 113 aircraft, we currently fly to  over 100 destinations in  62 countries around the world, and our network is expanding constantly. Nearly  800 Emirates flights depart Dubai each week on their way to destinations on  six continents. In fact, Emirates' flights  account for nearly 40  per cent of all flight movements in and out of Dubai International Airport, and our aim is to increase this market-share to 70 per cent by 2010 without compromising our reputation for quality.  Toward this end, Emirates has made numerous significant announcements regarding the future of its already state-of-the-art fleet.In 2001, Emirates demonstrated its confidence in the industry’s future growth by announcing the largest order in aviation history, valued at US$15 billion. A staggering 58 new aircraft, a mix of Airbus and Boeing, were to join the rapidly expanding fleet.  In 2005, Emirates announced the largest-ever or der for the Boeing 777 family of aircraft – 42 in all – in a deal worth Dhs 35.7 billion (US$ 9.7 billion).At the 2006 Farnborough Air Show, Emirates signed a Heads of Agreement for 10 of Boeing’s new 747-8F aircraft, to be powered by General Electric’s GEnx jet engines, in a deal worth US$ 3.3 billion.  At the Dubai Airshow in November 2007, Emirates announced a historic civil aviation aircraft order when it signed contracts for a 120 Airbus A350s, 11 A380s, and 12 Boeing 777-300ERs, worth an estimated US$34.9 billion in list prices. The agreement with Airbus comprises firm orders for 50 A350-900s and 20 A350-1000s, plus 50 options for the A350-900s. The first A350 will be delivered to Emirates in 2014.Emirates also firmed up orders on the eight A380s for which it had signed letters of intent earlier this year, and placed firm orders for an additional three of the double-decker aircraft, bringing its total firm order for the A380s to 58.References:http s://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about/history.aspx [Cited 14 March2008]http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..[Cited 14 March2008]https://www.emirates.com/ua/russian/ [Cited 14 March2008] Stephen J. Porth (2003) Strategic Management: A cross- Functional Approach. Second edition Hamel, G. (2002). Leading the revolution: How to thrive in a turbulent time by making innovation a way of life

Aspects of Scientific Translation Essay

1. 5 The translator In the context of translation studies, it is assumed that to do a satisfactory translation, the translator must be aware not only of the texts in hand, but also the physical world and the culture in which the texts are formed initially. This implies that the translator should be acquainted with the everyday life in the source location and that his or her activity is not simply a manipulation of linguistic figures or data. The translator handling medical texts do not have to be trained as doctors, nurses or other medical staff, however it is essential that he or she understands the entire connected implication: the linguistic, medical, social, and also cultural context in which he or she happens to work. This can be done by having sufficient knowledge of the world. Numerous problems occur when doctors and patients use different languages or even different varieties of the same language. It has been rightly pointed out by Tanner that, in addition to emotional and other unrelated aspects, the simplicity of contact in a doctor-patient discourse depends on how well and precisely the parties express themselves. The clarity of speech constitutes an indispensable requirement for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. This is the point at which translation and interpreting come into the picture. Translation is defined by Catfords as: ‘The replacement of the textual material in one language, [the source language] by equivalent textual material in another language, [the target language]’. Despite the fact that the definition is dated in numerous contexts, it still has a bearing on textual materials in the field of medicine, despite of the language pair involved. As hinted, the translator is a kind of creator the moment he or she bridges language gaps and renders a source text in the target language: he or she generates the precise form of the target language message and with the aim of doing so; he or she must be competent in both, source and target, languages. Medical communication has its specific nature. The terminology used in the medical sector, in regards to Catford’s statement, often requires clear renditions and lexical equivalents. This indicates that the translator may come across with the phrases and terms in the source language that exclude an entire transfer of information from the source to the target language. In this case, when patterns or meanings between the languages differ, the term ‘untranslatability’ could be applied. Mohanty observed: ‘the process of transfer is limited in terms of time and space: it is mostly individual; straddling two languages at the same time, this is where we find the phenomenon of untranslatability; it is not part of neither static, nor dynamic texts in the source or target language, but something which turns up exclusively when two language systems meet in the transfer of a text. Untranslatability is part of the process, of the assessment of the process of transfer. ’

Introduction BHP and Rio Tinto are the second and third largest iro Essays

Introduction BHP and Rio Tinto are the second and third largest iro Essays Introduction BHP and Rio Tinto are the second and third largest iro Essay Introduction BHP and Rio Tinto are the second and third largest iro Essay Contractual partnership can convey a batch of advantages, but besides brought along addition in complexness and loss flexibleness. Thereby, need to utilize the choice standards to take a spouse. Rio and BHP form joint venture aims to sharing each other benefits. For these two companies, the direction manner and construction and nature of merchandises were likewise. They are listed on the London stock exchange. Besides, BHP proposed acquisition of Rio in 2008 ( www.accc.gov.au ) that means before JV they have collaborate experience so they can cognize more about each other such as background of company, ways of communicating, capacity, fiscal state of affairs etcaˆÂ ¦ it can easy to formation of JV and minimise hazard of failure. China is the universe s largest importer of Fe ore and BHP-Rio together would account for 80 per centum of Australia s exports of the ore ( www.miningmx.com ) . Even is a major fabrication base for Fe and steel merchandise but they did non bring forth top-quality Fe ore, so they depend on two excavation giants to provide natural stuff ( www.news.bbc.co.uk ) . Therefore, if BHP and Rio JV successful it can keep the Fe ore supply to China stable and enjoy economic of graduated table. Why a joint venture was chosen as the vehicle of co-operation? FDI is the most advanced and complex for foreign market entry ( FME ) scheme, and involves set uping fabrication workss, selling subordinates, or other installations aboard ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . Rio and BHP is a undertaking based, non-equity venture, which means undertaking with a narrow range and defined timetable, no new company formed ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . This Domestic joint venture would hold led to Rio and BHP to sharing each other s mines and transit installations. For illustration, can cut downing costs through shorter rail draw and more efficient allotments of port capacity ( imperativeness release, 2009 ) . Besides, the president of Rio Tinto believed that: this joint venture will set up an matchless Fe ore concern with universe category assets and substructure ( imperativeness release, 2009 ) . Rio and BHP can unite the direction, procurance and general operating expense activities into a individual entity ( imperativeness release, 2009 ) . It can merely direction construction and can be adjusted easy. The companies had estimated cost nest eggs of around $ 10bn ( ?6.3bn ) a twelvemonth through the sharing of substructure and forces. ( www.news.bbc.co.uk ) . However, JV has some disadvantages to Rio and BHP. It is because JV did non hold equity committedness. Besides, two companies need to set greater accent on trust, communicating and developing relationship ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . On the other manus, some of literature identifies many motives to formation JV such as minimise the hazards and costs with market entry, entree to assets and accomplishments, enjoy the economic systems of graduated table and portion the acquisition of cognition ( manner A ; Hersch, 2005 ) . c. What external events gave rise to the chance or force per unit area to work together? Use PESTEL and Porter s Five Force model to analysis the external events give rise BHP and Rio Tinto to the chance or force per unit area to work together. PESETL: Political- high spots the function of authoritiess Regulator opposition may hold played an of import function in the companies determination. In BHP proposed to acquisition Rio, the Australian Government have negative attitude, the authorities inquire this two companies meet the grant which are the authorities provided. Economics- macroeconomic factors such as exchange rates, concern rhythm and differential economic growing rates around the universe. ( Gerry, 2008 ) In 2008 the planetary fiscal crisis has impact the steel and excavation industry ( www.steelorbis.com ) . The economic system and weak demand, iron-ore monetary values should be half their 2008 degrees ( Robert Guy Matthews, 2009 ) . Even fiscal crisis consequence economic around the universe but some of the developed states such as: Brazil, Russia, India and China they are fiscal state of affairs can keep in the turning. Thereby, the demand of Fe ore will once more be taking the growing with an expected addition of 11.1 % for 2008 and 10.3 % for 2009 ( www.worldsteel.org ) . Besides, Fe ore monetary values were mounting rapidly, chiefly because China was devouring more steel and mineworkers had supply concatenation problem-not adequate ports, railwaies and ships-both of which kept supplies scarce ( www.online.wsj.com ) . Porter s Five Force devised by Michael Porter to depict forces that form competition within an industry and aid to place strategic chances and menaces. Vale of Brazil is the merely other chief rival with Rio and BHP ( SJ Berwin, 2010 ) . Dickering power of provider: Australian authorities is a major provider to the Fe ore industry, so the bargaining power is higher. Dickering power of rival: In the planetary market those three providers dominated the Fe ore market which is Vale, Rio and BHP. Vale is the largest provider in the universe. In 2008, Vale to keep 32.8 % portions in the Seaborne Fe ore market and Rio and BHP severally 18.6 % and 17.1 % ( www.worldsteel.org ) . Before JV Vale is the lone one rival for Rio and BHP. If JV successful, Rio and BHP will command about 36 % portions of the seaborne Fe ore market. Thurs, the bargaining power will higher than earlier. Dickering power of purchaser: Iron ore industry the purchaser major purchaser which is China, Japan and Korea, they are dickering power is lower. It is because this industry dominates by 3 major mineworkers. Those purchaser hard to happen others supplier in the market. Question 2 In a planetary market Fe ore dominated by an oligopoly with merely three providers, Vale, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton ( Moffat,2009 ) . The trade good s monetary value is set in one-year dialogues dominated on the provider side by Rio, BHP and Vale of Brazil, the universe s largest manufacturer ( www.ft.com ) . If the joint venture successful may curtail competition in relation to the cardinal competitory parametric quantities in the seaborne Fe ore markets such as: monetary value, volume and quality ( Moffat, 2009 ) . The follow image can demo large three mineworkers dominate the seaborne Fe ore market: A Shares of Seaborne Iron Ore Market, % A 2006 2007 2008 Valley 36.1 A 36.1 32.8 Rio Tinto 19.0 19.3A 18.6 BHP Billiton 14.2 A 13.8 17.1 Entire 69.3 A 69.2 68.5 Beginning for market portions: Raw Materials Group quoted in UNCTAD Trust Fund on Iron Ore Information Iron Ore Market 2008-2010 , Geneva, June 2009 However, Iron ore is a globally traded commoidty it can linkage with different industry in the economic market such as automotive industry, steel industry etc..so it plays an improtant function in the universe. Rio and BHP signifier JV, many committees come from different state and play different function to against the JV. They aim to guarantee the concern can run reasonably and to undertake unjust competition. In this instance, three states such as China, Japan and Korea have largest respond. China is the largest steelworker in the universe, on this joint venture proposal it would refer about the monetary value of Fe ore control in custodies of the top three Fe ore mineworkers ( David Fickling, 2010 ) . Besides, the Japan Iron and Steel Federation estimates a combined BHP-Rio would command 60 % of the state s Fe ore imports ( www.lowyinterpreter.org ) .Thus, steelworkers in China, Japan and Europe have all opposed the affiliation between the excavation giants, stating the joint venture will lean the planetary Fe ore market further in favor of three manufacturers who already dominate the seaborne Fe ore trade ( www.ft.com ) . Otherwise, The South Korea s FTC said a joint venture would hold reduced competition in the Fe ore market, it is because Rio and BHP would portion the same cost construction, end product volume and quality ( www.bestshippingnews.com ) . Furthermore, Rio and BHP signifier JV this two companies will unite Fe ore production installations in the Pilbara, means that many workers will confront occupation losingss so Australian Government to against this JV ( www.wabusinessnews.com.au ) . Question 3 Definitions of corporate civilization: Meschi and Roger ( 1994 ) when an organisation develops into a MNC, the corporate civilization can hold it basic on the original organisational civilization, or the national civilization, or a combination of two. Two of Australian which is Rio and BHP signifier JV in Australian, in this subdivision usage determiners of organisational to analysis their corporate civilization. National civilization The follow image showed the feature of Australian had higher degree in individuality and lower degree in power distance state ( www.geert-hosfstede.com ) . That means Australians tend to work independently and the direction squad would wish to ask for they are employee to take part in determination devising. Beginning from: www.geert-hofstede.com History of organisation Rio and BHP they develop their concern in different state, so they did non hold pure state civilization. Industry civilization Rio and BHP those two iron ore companies they have similar concern country. Hence, they can portion same value and civilization. Management manner Jacques Nasser the manager of BHP has 33 twelvemonth calling experience in different state such as America. Jan du Plessis the Chairman of Rio besides have career experience in America and British company ( www.riotino.com A ; www.bhpbilliton.com ) . Those two determination shapers have international direction manner so they can utilize the experience to direction their company. Size of organisation Rio and BHP are the MNE, they are concern activities cover different state such as UK, Australian, Brazil etcaˆÂ ¦ Nature of employees Whether educated or accomplishments worker, Rio and BHP is mining industry so the construction did non hold more different, so they required their employee s background is similar. What is dialogue Brian J. Hurn ( 2007 ) acquiring people of different civilizations to see understanding by considered duologue on an in agreement docket. Usunier ( 2003 ) suggested threes aspects of civilization different impacting international dialogue: Negotiation procedure Australian prefers to negociate in a reasonably straightforward and honorable manner ( Katz, 2009 ) . Australian did like being pressured so do non do the concluding offer early in the negotiating procedure and avoid doing more than one time ( Katz, 2009 ) . In the communicating procedure, some of Australians will some they are emotions and positive and negative straight. Besides, they can esteem people who give any thought whether they agree or disagree with them ( Katz, 2009 ) . When Australians make determination they may use cosmopolitan rules instead than sing the specific state of affairs ( Katz, 2009 ) . In outcome orientations, Australians tend to written a item contracts. They can name out elaborate footings and conditions for the nucleus understanding. Behavioral sensitivity of parties Aussies appreciate who has a sense of wit, they prefer the meeting atmosphere is normally really informal ( Katz, 2009 ) . Aussies believe in the dialogue procedure can acquire the win-win state of affairs even in the dialogue procedure two party have struggles, they hope both parties should maintain a positive attitude and show willingness to work with other in an attempt to make understanding ( Katz,2009 ) . Underliing constructs of dialogue In the strategic time-frame, Australian expect they concern spouse to be one clip. They ca nt non accept they spouse tardily more than 10 to 15 proceedingss without holding a sensible alibi ( Katz, 2009 ) . Australian believe in dialogue sharing information is a manner to construct up trust with each other. Besides, in gait of dialogue information and bargaining move swimmingly but the determination devising can be instead slow. That means they prefer use more clip to dialogue with their concern spouse ( Katz, 2009 ) . Base on above analysis, Australian is refers to Universalism and they are emotionality is low context. Two Australian companies which are Rio and BHP when work together, they are facets individualists and the attitude can be overtly competitory. Besides, in the concern dialogue and determination doing procedure they can maintain it swimmingly and harmoniousness. Rio and BHP these two Australian companies did non entree to foreign market to organize JV so it can specify they are a domestic JV. They have same state civilization so their corporate civilization may simplify than other international corporation. In the cooperation phase, when two companies come together to organize JV, the major aim is to larning cognition from their spouse and acquire benefit from the JV. However, in determinates of organisational civilization this two companies the national civilization and industry civilization are similar hence in the execution phase did non play a important function. Rio and BHP signifier JV, senior direction of the entity will be determined jointly on the footing of the best individual for the occupation with loosely equal engagement from Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton. The initial Chairman of the non-executive proprietors council will be Sam Walsh, presently Rio Tinto Chief Executive Iron Ore, and the initial CEO of the production joint venture will be BHP Billiton Iron Ore President, Ian Ashby ( imperativeness release, 2009 ) . In decision, When Rio and BHP JV successful the cardinal forces of the JV will be alteration, the direction manner it may impact the corporation. Therefore, to grantee the good JV execution or operation, these two companies need the best direction accomplishment between two spouses within JV. Question 4 Finance strategic Financial director drama an of import function in the company, is involved in the acquisition and allotment of fiscal resources for the company s current and future activities and undertakings, with the primary aim of maximising the company value ( Cavusgil, 2008, p.581 ) . Besides, in the company the fiscal director demand to concern three major rules fiscal direction accomplishments such as cost of capital and capital construction, methods of funding, currency hazard and revenue enhancement direction. Cost of capital can specify The rates of return that a company has to offer finance suppliers to bring on them to purchase and keep a fiscal security From the company s position cost of capital equal to cost of investing, it is the rate ( % ) that the company needs to pay to the investors and moneymans in order to obtain financess. It is an index for the minimal rate of return ; the company needs to obtain from doing a determination on a new undertaking ( Elteman, 2004 ) . From the finance director s position demand to concern how to minimise the cost of capital, what is the optimum funding construction and which sorts of funding instruments are most effectual and efficient. Before the company makes an investing determination they need to compare the rates of return of investing with the cost of capital of company. If the expected return on the investings is low as compared with the WACC, the investing is obliging. Harmonizing to the survey by Arnold and Hatzopoulos ( 2000 ) , WACC is most normally used by different types of companies, runing from little to big sized, every bit good as those listed companies within the stock index. The construct of Leaden Average Cost of Capital ( WACC ) is used for ciphering the Cost of Investment ( Elteman, 2004, p.301-303 ) . WACC = Calciferol Ten ( r debt ) Ten ( 1- revenue enhancement ) + Tocopherol ten ( r equity ) E+D E+D Base on the hazard of JV different with parent s company so they need to utilize cost of capital to judge the investing. WACC of Rio and BHP did non stand for of cost of capital of the JV, it is because different undertaking will transport different cost of capital it will depend on the degree of hazard. As compare JV with Rio and BHP, the hazard of JV higher than Rio and BHP. It is because JV focuses on individual merchandise but Rio and BHP they focus on diverseness merchandises, so if the monetary value of one merchandise lessening, the others merchandise monetary value it may increase that can minimise the degree of hazard. Normally, have two methods to beginning of funding which are internal and external. The internal beginning of funding includes inter-company loan and transportation pricing. The external beginning of funding includes equity funding and debt funding. Equity funding is the issue of portion of stock to raise capital from investors and the usage of maintained net incomes . Debt funding is the adoption if money from Bankss or other fiscal mediators, or selling corporate bonds to persons or establishments bonds to raise capital ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . Inter-company loan that means Rio Tinto borrow financess from exterior for JV intent. External financess means JV borrow financess from outside by them self. Use the equity or debt to beginning of funding can hold more advantages and disadvantages. The chief advantage of equity funding is that the house obtains needed capital without incurring debt ; that is, without holding to refund financess to the suppliers at any peculiar clip ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . The chief disadvantage of equity funding is that the house s ownership is diluted whenever new equity is sold ( Cavusgil, 2008 ) . In the JV, Rio and BHP can utilize different ways to raise equity funding such as direct public portion issue, private arrangement and private equity fund. Rio and BHP they listed stock in Australia and New York market. When they use issue portion in the local market to lift of capital for the JV, they need to see market liquidness refers to the grade which a company issue new securities without take downing the bing market monetary value. If Rio and BHP listing in foreign stock exchange, they can better liquidness of its portions and therefore let bigger market for new portion issues but they need to concern the trading volume in the foreign market. On the other manus, they need to see the asymmetric information. It is because instability information available to different investors in the universe. In the metameric domestic market, usually foreign investor may hold limited information about the domestic companies that discourage the investors to put in those portions ( Elteman, 200 4 ) . In decision, the above determination is merely based on fiscal deductions. However, for a company to affect in long term investing, non merely make up ones mind from the fiscal facets, but besides to see the strategic facet such as growing potency and competition.

Possibilities of Stem Cell Research

Possibilities of Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers Abstract Discovering, isolating, and culturing stem cells are being described as the single most significant scientific medical breakthrough this century. The cells uniqueness biologically is the virtue that warrants this description. Alone, stem cells have the ability to infinitely self-regenerate and retain the remarkable capability of differentiating to all forms of cell tissues. In addition to this, culturing stem cells hold much tremendous potential for developments of new regenerative types of medicine that will treat disabling or terminal conditions and diseases that otherwise would not have a cure. Ironically, the discovery of tremendous medical potentials to improve and prolong lives through stem cells come trenchant, intractable queries about life’s true value. Collecting stem cells from embryos destroys the embryo they are collected from. In other words, the results are an expiration of an embryo in the earliest stage of a human potential life. This is where the issue about life’s value begins to emerge and asks perhaps the most poignant and stark question of if the life of that already in existence should be spared at the expense of an embryo in the earliest form of possible life. Does a life in existence have more value than the potential life of an embryo? Never the less, the most ethical and moral response to justify this question is in no way obvious. The answer is not apparent immediately, but forces the question of what criteria should be counted as appropriate for assessing any possible response. Even knowing what the correct terminology and concepts for structuring the central questions seems contentious. What does seem clear is how remiss it would be to fail engaging in these questions without commensurating the Importance, complexity, and depth of the issue. Stem Cell Research Possibilities Many of the world’s exceptional advancements have come directly from medical research: numerous types of medications for pain, cures for diseases, and infinite amounts of discoveries that have impacted the perception of medical research’s scientific side. Medical research brings good and bad; there have been amazing breakthroughs and devastating failures. The potentials of medical research are either the best or worst thing to happen to humankind. The good and bad of stem cell research are clouded by controversy. Medical histories greatest discoveries could be stem cell research. Although this research has the potential to cure most illnesses and diseases, many ethical and moral issues must be considered. Imagine future capabilities of growing a new heart someone needs, or being able to cure a loved ones disease. These possibilities are closer to being realized with stem cell research which is something all our bodies grow. If researchers are able to figure out how to c ontrol stem cells, they will be able to provide cures for a wide variety of debilitating conditions. Researchers are adamant that in the next 10 years, stem cells will provide solutions to questions and heal diseases caused by failure of cells and repairing tissues not capable of self regeneration. Stem cell research can potentially prevent and cure many diseases, but do these potential benefits outweigh the concerns? This debate continues to keep the nation on edge. The issue is complicated by the fact that there are different ways to obtain stem cells for research purposes. As long as means of stem cell research is done in a way that will not harm others, it will serve as a benefit to humanities and our future. Is stem cell research unethical? This is a question that societies majority faces daily. Like most other public issues, stem cell research has two sides. However, one needs to have an understanding of the study before having a valid opinion. The National Institute of Health says, A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to divide (self replicate) for indefinite periodsunder the right conditions, or given the right signals, stem cells can give rise (differentiate) to the many different cell types that make up the organism. That is, stem cells have the potential to develop into mature cells that have characteristics, shapes and specialized functions, such as heart cells, skin cells, or nerve cells(NIH, 2007). Until the last decade most people had not heard of stem cell research, nor did they know what they did. In today’s world stem cell information and their function is readily available. People now learn new information about stem cells from newspaper articles, radio and t elevision news, or the Internet. Currently though the idea of researching stem cells raises strong debate. Columnist Charles Krauthammer, though a proponent of legal abortion, joins many pro-life Christians in fearing the slippery slope in this realm of bioethics: You dont need religion to tremble at the thought of unrestricted embryo research. You simply have to have a healthy respect for the human capacity for doing evil in pursuit of the good. (Christianity Today, 2007) One of the biggest debate reasons is the process in which stem cells are obtained. The main two ways stem cells are obtained is through surplus embryos found at fertility clinics and the discarded fetal tissue of abortions. Stem cells, collected from embryos, are cells that are not developed to their specified stage. Thus, a stem cell is capable of developing into any human cell the adult body has or needs. Week-old embryos are destroyed in the process of collecting stem cells. This seems to be the reason that the issue of stem cell research is almost as debated as abortion. Unlike abortion, in which life is destroyed, stem cells give life because they hold the key to the cures for many disabilities and diseases. Dolly the cloned sheep was born on February 24, 1997, and the United States stem cell research efforts have been a widely debated issue ever since. The debate reached all time highs following President Bush’s August 9, 2001 speech which was in support of funding stem cell research. The vast majority of Americans strongly support the advancement of biomedical research through the application of their tax dollars, said Daniel Perry, executive director of the Alliance for Aging Research. Surveys consistently show Americans want to see greater efforts against serious and life-threatening diseases. (Bettelheim, A., 2000) Couples not capable of conceiving their children on their own often try in vitro fertilization. The In vitro fertilization method usually prepares about 10 embryos, but only selects three or four to be implanted. The two ways surplus embryos are handled are freezing spares using liquid nitrogen or to dispose of them. Risks encountered freezing are the embryos dying during freezing or the thawing process. Unused embryos that are not frozen are discarded by being exposed to air, flushed down a sink, or burned. (Faden, R. R., Gearhart, J.D., 2005). The embryos are still alive when they are frozen or discarded. The solution would be to donate excess embryos for the purpose of research. Scientists would then be able to further the research of stem cell possibilities. There are some cases where excess embryos are not wasted. In these cases embryos are frozen and another couple eventually adopts them. (Hall, C. T., 2006) Although this seems to be a good fate for excess embryos, the risk of dying while thawing remains. The ethical issue arising from the research of stem cells is solely based upon the stem cell source. The argument is reasonable because the cells come from an embryo, which dies once the cells are obtained. In the early stages of stem cell research, all stem cell samples are obtained from in vitro clinics stored excess embryos. Scientists must get permission from donors to collect stem cells and study the embryos. This is the cause of outcry from pro-life communities. Pro-lifers believe that each embryo has the potential of life. The pro-life groups claim the problem can be solved by collecting cells in a more ethical way. One alternative would be to collect stem cells from fetuses that are aborted. Another way would be to collect stem cell samples from healthy adult volunteers. This would be an alternate to embryonic research of stem cells, but adult stems do not hold the same potentials. Stem cell research relating to the Embryos Bill 2002 allowed only excess embryos existing prior to April 5, 2002, to be utilized for researching purpose in accordance with the regime of licensing. It is a fact that the excess embryos would have most likely expired or succumbed anyway. The excess embryos would have still been destroyed however; the expiration process would have been natural. On the surface, it appears there is no difference if harm or the expiration of the excess embryos came from research or natural causes. The embryos expire in both cases. This impression is somewhat oversimplified. Some argue there are distinct ethical and moral differences between omissions and acts and between failing to passively intervene to prevent death and actively, knowingly killing. Although each has the same outcome, the act of bringing death about by oneself is argued as worse morally. Many argue that since both alternatives result in the expiration of the embryo, the logical answer is t o go option that has the potential to provide the most benefits. This rationale would most likely change, indeed, if the present alternatives were to change. If, for example, if research were being done on embryos created for research purposes and not pre-existing embryos predetermined to expire. (Rickhard, M., 2002) Many scientists believe the key to finding cures lays in stem cell research. This research will potentially cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Stem cells hold the possibility in becoming the human body’s different types of tissue, bone, muscle, and nerve. Theoretically, stem cells could grow a harvest of organ replacements for virtually all parts of a human’s body. But Ian Wilmut, the scientist whose team at Scotlands Roslin Institute cloned Dolly born July 5, 1996, and euthanized in 2003 because of lung disease says the most interesting thing about the past decade is what has not happened. (Weise, E., n.d.) While ethical issues and questions will continue clouding opinions on the medical advancements made possible by the research of stem cells, these issues and questions must not allow us to ignore all the advancements of stem cell research. The focus should be that scientists are striving to enhance and preserve the g ift of life, not how and where cells are collected. Although both sides present reasonable arguments, it is crucial to understand the potentials. Stem cell research holds life enhancing potential. Such benefits may only be a potential, but in order to have the opportunity for exceptional advancements risks must be taken. Many of the world’s greatest advancements were based strictly upon a potential for improvement. When stem cell research potentials are realized, its greatness will provide endless rewards. Philosopher John A. Robertson said, â€Å"In taking such a stance, persons define or constitute themselves as highly protective of human life.† Robertson notes, however, that this same symbolic respect for life can be expressed through allowing embryos to be created so that others lives can be prolonged, or deaths averted. (Rickhard, M., 2002) References Bettelheim, A. (2000). Senate Argues Promise and Peril Of Human Stem Cell Research. CQ Weekly, 58(8), 357. Retrieved Sunday, April 27, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database. Weise, E. (n.d.). Dolly was worlds hello to clonings possibilities. USA Today, Retrieved Sunday, April 27, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database. The Slope Really Is Slippery. (2007). Christianity Today, Retrieved Sunday, April 27, 2007, from the MasterFILE Premier database. Rickhard, Maurice (2002, November 12). Parlinfo Web. Retrieved June 2, 2007, from Parliament of Australia Web site: http://wopared.aph.gov.au The Presidents Council on Bioethics. Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. Washington: Public Affairs, October 2002. 400 pages. Available online: bioethics.gov/reports/cloningreport/index.html. National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research. Rockville, MD: NBAC, 1999. Volume I: Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Volume II: Commissioned Papers, January 2000. Volume III: Religious Perspectives, June 2000. Statement by the President, dated September 13, 1999. Available online: www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/nbac/pubs.html. Faden, Ruth R., Gearhart, John D. (2005). â€Å"Facts on Stem Cells.†. 2005, 9, Retrieved May 13, 2007, from washingtonpost.com/. Hall, Carl T. (2006). The forgotten embryo: Fertility clinics must store or destroy the surplus that is part of the process.. SF Gate News, 12, Retrieved April 24, 2007, from sfgate.com/ National Institutes of Health (NIH), (2007). Stem cell information. Retrieved May 13, 2007, from National Institutes of Health (NIH) Web site: http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Research Papers on Possibilities of Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital Punishment

Intellectual Quotes About Wisdom and Success

Intellectual Quotes About Wisdom and Success Wisdom and knowledge are the foundation of all progress. Without the thinkers, scientists, and leaders of the past, we would not be where we are today. The quotes below capture some of their insights about wisdom and success. Sir Winston Churchill Success is the ability to go from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm. Socrates The life which is unexamined is not worth living. The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing. Mahatma  Gandhi Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. Benjamin Disraeli I must follow the people. Am I not their leader? Walter Scott For success, attitude is equally as important as ability. Thomas Jefferson Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom. Albert Einstein Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value. Bill Gates Success is a lousy teacher. It seduces smart people into thinking they cant lose. John Keats Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter. Henry David Thoreau All this worldly wisdom was once the unamiable heresy of some wise man. Its not what you look at that matters, its what you see. Lord Chesterfield In seeking wisdom thou art wise; in imagining that thou hast attained it- thou art a fool. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Gods gifts put mans best dreams to shame. Alfred Lord Tennyson Dreams are true while they last, and do we not live in dreams? Confucius Wisdom, compassion, and courage are the three universally recognized moral qualities of men. Ralph Waldo Emerson All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better. Adopt the pace of nature: her secret is patience. George Bernard Shaw We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for our future. Beware of false knowledge; it is more dangerous than ignorance. Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time. William Wordsworth Wisdom is ofttimes nearer when we stoop than when we soar. Saint Augustine Patience is the companion of wisdom. Anton Chekhov Knowledge is of no value unless you put it into practice. Franklin D. Roosevelt Happiness lies in the joy of achievement and the thrill of creative effort. Plato The first and greatest victory is to conquer yourself; to be conquered by yourself is of all things most shameful and vile. Henry David Thoreau Good for the body is the work of the body, and good for the soul is the work of the soul, and good for either is the work of the other. Charles Dickens Have a heart that never hardens, a temper that never tires, a touch that never hurts. John Muir In every walk with nature, one receives far more than he seeks. Buddha To enjoy good health, to bring true happiness to ones family, to bring peace to all, one must first discipline and control ones own mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to Enlightenment, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him. Lao Tzu The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.

Adult Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Adult Communication - Essay Example m the emphasis is on helping the individual members of the team to learn their potential for performance and through that learning maximize the performance of the team (Whitmore 2003). Managing in simple terms is the process of getting things done by individuals through planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling their activities. Thus managing a team involves using the five functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling the activities of the team members towards the objectives of the team (Managing and Leading). The difference between coaching becomes evident from their definitions and is lies essentially in their approach. Coaching is people oriented in that it is concerned with the development of the individuals. Managing is task oriented in that the emphasis is on the task to be achieved. The individuals in the team are the means to achieving the task. This analogy gives provides clarity in the difference between coaching a team and managing a team. A given area of land is to be invested with oak saplings. Oak saplings have a unique feature in that there is a single tap root that extends, as the sapling develops. In nursery saplings the tap root tends to be curled up into a ball, because of the restrictive environment for growth. Managing the investing of the land with oak saplings would involve the transfer of the saplings into the allotted number of pits in as quick and efficient a manner and ensuring the required fertiliser and moisture is provided for growth. This approach is due to the task oriented approach in managing a team. In the coaching approach the curled up taproot would be first uncurled and in the replanting process care would be taken to ensure that the fragile taproot is extended deep into the ground without damaging it, as this would ensure proper development of the oak sapling into a tree. The necessary moistur e would then be provided. Coaching is oriented towards the development of the

Love the importance of internal control in auditing Research Paper

Love the importance of internal control in auditing - Research Paper Example The auditor may obtain this level of assurance by performing audit procedures. The audit procedures to be performed are designed in the light of size and complexity of the entity. These are also affected by the auditor’s assessment of the risk of material misstatement and the auditor focuses on the areas where the risk of material misstatement may be present. The risk of material misstatement is the function of the inherent risk and the control risk. Inherent risk is defined as the susceptibility of financial statements and assertions therein to misstatements which are material in the context of the financial statements. On the other hand, control risk is defined as a risk that the financial statements and assertion therein may susceptible to a material misstatement which are not prevented, or remain undetected and uncorrected by the internal controls of the entity. To respond to the assessed control risks, the auditor performs test of controls. The understanding of the design ed suitability and functioning of the internal controls helps the auditor in responding to those risks. It also helps the auditor to obtain reasonable assurance that the entity is achieving the financial reporting objectives. Thus, to assess the risk of material misstatement at overall financial statements level and at assertion level, it is essential for the auditor to obtain an understanding of the internal controls of the entity. Internal control is defined as a process designed to provide the auditor, whether internal or external to the firm, with a reasonable assurance that the company is achieving its objectives. The internal controls are affected by management, those charged with governance and other personnel of the entity. (Koutoupis & Andreas, 2007, p. 23, 25, 27). The implementation and maintenance of effective internal controls is the responsibility of the management. It is also the responsibility of the management to ensure that the controls designed and implemented by the management are achieving the desired objectives. The management should also assess whether the controls over financial reporting are reliable and whether any frauds may be detected by the internal controls in operation. The management shall also assess whether the employees of the organization comply with laws and regulations relevant to the entity. This usefulness of internal controls makes it necessary for the entity to continuo usly and consciously evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of internal controls. A good and effective management always assess the effectiveness of internal controls on a periodic basis. Such evaluations help to pinpoint any deficiencies occurred in the controls during the period. It also helps to improve the internal controls efficiency and effectiveness in the changing circumstances. The practice of self-assessment of controls has emerged in the past decade. (Dietz & Donna & Snyder & Herbert, 2011, p. 35-40). Through this tool, the management has taken the responsibility for evaluating and improving internal controls. This evaluation is also considered important while designing new or additional internal controls. However, the method of designing of new controls is more or less same with the evaluation of the entity’s existing controls. Firstly, the entity identifies the reporting

Operation Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Operation Management - Research Paper Example Operation management 1. Introduction The five star hotel described in the case study must consider a variety of factors when considering new and existing operational strategy. The hotel is large-scale in that it offers 250 bedrooms which must be regularly serviced and monitored for cleanliness and relevance to fulfilling the customer needs. This requires a labour-intensive focus to ensure that all elements of the guest experience are fulfilled, thus the need for a structured and regulated cleaning and maintenance crew must be established and managed appropriately. The hotel’s three kitchens will require more demands, especially in relation to quality and management, as it is designed to cater and service walk-in patrons from the external environment and guests as well. All of these facilities require an operational approach that takes into consideration design, the supply chain, planning, technology, and control from the management perspective, along with human resources, each with its own focus on input considerations and outcome demands. 2. Methodology of research The data gleaned for this report involved secondary desk research with consultation with various texts related to operations management, human behaviour, psychology and marketing. Because the role of employees is integral to the service encounter and maintaining a positive brand image, various journals regarding the role of human resources was not dismissed as part of operational and management strategy. The research identified case studies within a real-time hotel environment regarding environmental initiatives and human resources strategy as it relates to operations management in order to benchmark recommendations regarding what constitutes a quality contemporary operations strategy. Data was analysed by comparing the literature to the case study to identify correlations between concepts and operational strategy in order to gain an understanding of what operational components must be in pla ce in a large-scale, five star hotel environment. 3. Additional hotel features bearing on analysis One of the main themes associated with hotel environments and the hospitality industry as a whole is the human relations element related to employee motivation, worker role in marketing reputation, and general employee satisfaction. Though not described in the case study, the role of the service employee is vital to sustaining a quality reputation with customers and fulfilling their customer service expectations. Therefore, it was necessary to consult with literature describing the employee experience as well since their psychological and sociological attitudes will have a direct impact on their output results and interactions with diverse, international customers. The elements also associated with culture, both employee related and customer related, were also considered since most of the facility operational components maintain a high level of service interaction and will play directl y on whether or not the customers remain loyal to the hotel brand. These are important inputs when considering restaurant quality, cocktail environments where socialization between staff and customers is routine and the organisational structure that guides the hotel environment.

Answer these questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer these questions - Assignment Example Since Brazil dependent on primary commodities, it experienced a case of Dutch Disease during this time. Another obstacle towards Brazilian development was the elastic supply of labor. Initially Brazil took advantage of the import of slaves from Africa but with the abolition of slavery that Brazil tried to ignore for as long as it could, Brazil began to gain labor from Southern Europe. The plantation owners began to press the government to transport labor from southern Europe at low costs. Thus an elastic supply of labor was maintained which resulted in a stable labor costs. While labor costs should have increased with the abolition of slavery, Brazil managed to keep them down through its lax immigration laws. One obstacle to the development of Brazil was the high cost of transportation. The country depended on waterways for the transportation of labor and other commodities. But the topography is Brazil is such that these waterways are not strategically placed within the country. Also the flow of certain rivers did not allow for an advantage through water transportation. The other option available to Brazil was land transportation. Unfortunately, land transportation was not a feasible option as most roads were broken and vehicles could not pass by them. The high cost of transportation therefore led to a limited interregional and international trade. Agriculture producers were only limited to market in their immediate vicinity. The surplus that was being produced in certain areas could not be transported in such a manner as to profit the crop owners. The inelasticity of supply that generated as a result meant that prices would increase every time the demand of advanced products increased i n the market. Thus the domestic agriculture sector of Brazil was unable to flourish as a result of the inelastic transportation system within the country. Even though the government realized the impact of the under development

Write a respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a respond - Essay Example rkplace violence, I think its better to be proactive and prepare for the worst.   There are some relatively easy and cheap solutions available on the market today if well look for them. Even as the efforts toward the family conflicts resolution are directed to the workplace, the two parties have a role to play to end their issues. It is a shame to find a couple fighting each other in the workplace. They do not even deserve to work there, but should be fired and demoted immediately. Workplace violence indicated that the two parties involved have failed to manage the simplest bit of their life patterns; hence, they should not be kept in the workplace. A person who cannot manage his or her life is not in a position to manage workplace activities. Workplace violence planning is done in large part at the local management level. The frequency and depth is generally outlined by corporate, but left to local managers to develop site specific training, especially considering the variation of laws from state to state. As the Safety Manager, I work closely with the Human Resources Manager to get the information presented to all of our employees. North Carolina is a State run OSHA program, and I rely a great deal on the information they have presented on their website for reference and guidance. NC DOL does a great job in providing training resources and outreach for industry. In this case, they have all relevant laws and information posted, as well as a series of PowerPoint presentations and even videos for employees to watch. We have added slightly to the slides and incorporated a small T/F test to demonstrate retention of the material. I would encourage everyone to look at the state run program websites for these resources. Federal OSHA has some posted on their website, but they are not usually as good. Oregon State has probably the best workplace violence training, even OSHA refers to their training platform on this topic, but again, it is State specific for many

Answer these questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer these questions - Assignment Example Since Brazil dependent on primary commodities, it experienced a case of Dutch Disease during this time. Another obstacle towards Brazilian development was the elastic supply of labor. Initially Brazil took advantage of the import of slaves from Africa but with the abolition of slavery that Brazil tried to ignore for as long as it could, Brazil began to gain labor from Southern Europe. The plantation owners began to press the government to transport labor from southern Europe at low costs. Thus an elastic supply of labor was maintained which resulted in a stable labor costs. While labor costs should have increased with the abolition of slavery, Brazil managed to keep them down through its lax immigration laws. One obstacle to the development of Brazil was the high cost of transportation. The country depended on waterways for the transportation of labor and other commodities. But the topography is Brazil is such that these waterways are not strategically placed within the country. Also the flow of certain rivers did not allow for an advantage through water transportation. The other option available to Brazil was land transportation. Unfortunately, land transportation was not a feasible option as most roads were broken and vehicles could not pass by them. The high cost of transportation therefore led to a limited interregional and international trade. Agriculture producers were only limited to market in their immediate vicinity. The surplus that was being produced in certain areas could not be transported in such a manner as to profit the crop owners. The inelasticity of supply that generated as a result meant that prices would increase every time the demand of advanced products increased i n the market. Thus the domestic agriculture sector of Brazil was unable to flourish as a result of the inelastic transportation system within the country. Even though the government realized the impact of the under development

Movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Movie review - Essay Example The two characters, Octavia Spencer and Viola Davis give a distinguished performance as maids and rack the entire audience sympathy. Since this is a feminist tale, all the male actors are invisible. Most of the women are on the right side of arguments displaying bravery and boldness while those on the wrong side are poor, timid and deluded bastards. Allison Janey plays Skeeter’s mother, the only three-dimensional character in this play, a core part of the redemption story and a truly confused figure. The movie gives a glance at the treatment African-Americans received back in the 1960’s when their rights had no value in the American Society. This film is in tandem with the US’s current state of affairs in the political arena. The fight between the right and wrong, Obama as the first black president and the same Southern fundamentalists’ racism today respectively, are vivid truths to the viewers. Unlike the 1960’s audience, it invites the today’s audience to support the right course and shun racism. Despite the few flaws in the movie, it is a true inspiration for blacks and whites living in the USA to rise above the pettiness of skin colour and condemn racism. As directed by Steve McQueen, the film offers an insight into the mistreatment that the slaves received. Chiwetel Ejiofor deserves Oscar award for his stunning performance in 12 Years a Slave, a fascinating, engrossing movie about the era of slavery in America. The movie is a realistic reflection and engaging throughout. One of the clear depictions of slavery, Ejiofor, and Lupita, have demonstrated phenomenon and sterling performances with Michael Fassbender distinctly standing out. Excellence and amazing cinematography from Sean Bobbit and a thrilling script by John Ridley greatly marries the modern orchestrated work with contemporary tunes underscoring the emotions. The film gives a deeper reflection of inhumane slave treatment. It

Best source of funding for research organization Essay Example for Free

Best source of funding for research organization Essay There are a number of ways of funding research programs to help medical clinics; we may have an aspect where the government lends a hand or seeking the indulgence of the pharmaceutical companies. (NCSL, 2014) The above stated are two of those ways. Acceptance of offers to carry out research depends on the wishes of beneficiaries; they get to choose whom they perceive to be their best options. (U.S. Congress, 2006) Grants by the federal government may be defined as the assistance in monetary terms offered by the American government. (NIST, 2014)The government assistance has to conform to the laws and regulations set about by the federal agencies. (USA Government, n.d.)Grants offered by the pharmaceutical companies; to conduct clinical research is one of the common ways of sourcing for money to carry out research activities for clinics. (Canadian Business Network, n.d) Pharmaceutical companies are private entities which may not be put under tight regulations as compared to public institutions. (Federal Grants, n.d)The financing pharmaceutical company may fund a research project they deem to be in line with what they find necessary for them. (D.o.J., 1998) Advantages of using government grants to fund research projects Government or federal grants are a good way of sourcing for funds; even though the central government may impose very strict measures to go about using the cash. (Cornell University, n.d.) Once a government agency has given the nod for one to conduct the research alongside the funds allocation; a research organization is left to conduct its affairs in the required time they find ample. (UCONN, n.d.) Pharmaceutical companies may impose timelines so that they launch their products for commercial gains. (The Arc, n.d.)Pharmaceutical companies may continue funding a project based on interests to be fulfilled; some may be under pressure to churn out products that cause a buzz within markets. (Grant Space, n.d.)Another risk involved with pharmaceuticals funding projects would be purely to spite their competitors and caress enormous egos of company executives and owners. (TGCI, n.d.) Government does not engage in competition; but their mandate is to look out for the welfare of their citizen s. (The White House, n.d.)It’s with the above stated reasons that governmental funding looks more appealing as compared to funding from private entities. (Homeland Security, n.d.)There would not be conflicts or interests as well as undue pressure. (FELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL, n.d.) References NCSL. (2014). NCSL. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/american-health-benefit-exchanges.aspxU.S. Congress. (2006, October). Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved from https://cbo.gov/sites//10-02-drugr-d.pdfCanadian Business Network. (n.d.). Canadian Business Network. Retrieved from http://www.canadabusiness.ca/eng/page/2740/National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States Department of Commerce (DoC). (2014, February 25). ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY (FFO) Measurement Science and Engineering (MSE) Research Grant Programs. Retrieved from www.nist.gov//grants/USA Government. (n.d.). Benefits, Grants, and Loans. Retrieved from http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Benefits.shtmlFederal Grants. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.federalgrants.com/D.o.J. (1998, September). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/grants_statutes/legalman.phpCornell Univers ity. (n.d.). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://www.irb.cornell.edu/faq/UCONN. (n.d.). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from http://research.uconn.edu/The Arc. (n.d.). Public Policy. Retrieved from http://www.thearc.org/what-we-do/public-policy/know-your-rights/federal-lawsGrant Space. (n.d.). Knowledge Base. Retrieved from http://grantspace.org/tools/knowledge-base/Funding-Resources/Government-Funders/government-grantsTGCI. (n.d.). Thw Grantsmanship Center. Retrieved from http://www.tgci.com/training/competing-federal-grants-5-dayThe White House. (n.d.). Office of Mnagement and Budget. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_defaultHomeland Security. (n.d.). Title VI Overview for Recipients of DHS Financial Assistance. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/title-vi-overview-recipients-dhs-financial-assistanceFELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.feldesmantucker.com/federal-grants/ Source document

Media Representations of the Poor

Media Representations of the Poor Maia Vogt Comms: Television criticism The Social Perversion Towards the Poor There has always been a negative stigma of the poor, and whats more it is highly accepted to stigmatize, those who are lower in the social economic chain. Reality T.V is an inexpensive program which exploits its cast/situation by pitting them against social groups (in this case the poor). It also perpetuating stereotypes and rewards ruthless behavior. As a result, it has normalized this Darwins animalistic behavior. Reality TV offers the allure of stardom in its messy intricate web of exploitation. It promises casts fame by trying to have them constantly push buttons on acts that make it more of a guilty pleasure to watch (Strachan, 1). In this case, shows such as Buckwild, Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and The Beverly Hillbillies has further perpetuated the stereotyping of rural Americans, especially in the South. CBS’s The Beverly Hillbillies depicts rural â€Å"rednecks† who are put into wealthy Beverly Hills with their lives recorded for a year to see how this family reacts to the life of the lavish. Despite this innocent intention, The Beverly Hillbillies inevitably became the laughingstock which created great controversy. However, this show was like the catalyst which sparked the creation of future Reality TV shows which starred urban low classes (Telegraph Herald,1). The show was less about healthy family dynamics but more about mocking of the poor rural citizens through their spontaneous, out-of-place reactions. Ghen Maynard a CBS alternative programming executive, indicates that reality TV is not harmful and quotes that â€Å"viewers enjoy the humor that comes from the fish-out-of-water scenario of the show.† (Telegraph Herald,1) He also goes on to say that main purpose of selecting of this cast is because â€Å"we want a family who has a sense of humor about them selves.† (Telegraph Herald,1). In other words, there is no intentions to harm or stigmatize the poor. Viewers want a glimpse of a humorous family. However, that is not the case because these shows do not bring a sense of community. Instead, it directly mocks rural culture. Another illustration is the raging MTV show Buckwild, which depicts young rural Appalachians teens who like to spend their free time drinking and mudding. Despite its light-hearted atmosphere, the show made viewers oblivious to the mere fact that they are laughing at the cast not with the cast. This not only gave viewers the negative received idea of Appalachia, but also internalized the cultural norm of mocking the poor. On the other hand, some critics argue that the show actually highlighted poverty in that region. As a result of this show, numerous popular program such as ABC’s 20/20, PBS Frontline and even the popular teen clothing brand, Abercrombie Fitch have attempted to make money off the hardships of rural life ( in this case, Appalachia). Conversely, these attempts actually steered viewers away from the core issues that affect the Appalachian community and further perpetuated more stereotypes (Bradner, 2). The truth is, seeing people suffer is perversely entertaining. For example, when Grandee a cast member of Buckwild says â€Å"I dont’ have a phone. I don’t have a Facebook. I don’t have none of that Internet Stuff.† (Brander, 3) We as viewers find that laughable and pathetic, but viewers forget that Grandee saying this in broken English is the result of years of exploitation of Appalachians from the mining companies that once operated there. Viewers do not understand the correlation of lack of education, basic healthcare, high teen birth rates and c hronic disease that ravaged through this Appalachian community. The primary focus is the humor which stems from the lack of these necessities (Bradner, 2). However, executive producers of MTV defended these shows by indicating that this is reality. On the contrary, if that was the case, MTV would be showing how these people are isolated from the most basic needs. The reasons the casts go â€Å"mudding† to waste time is because they have no disposable income to do anything else. The show would highlight the everyday struggles of the cast and families living under the poverty line in Appalachia, but that would not result in a high ratings show (Bradner,3). It is a risk producers are not interested in risking. The reason for this exploitation of the poor is to create a barrier. As Bradner states â€Å"without the foil, we would have to face our own poverties, our own barbarism, our own shelterness, our own lack of sophistication.† (Bradner,3) Brandner’s point is that this is an emotional barrier in which we as viewers intentionally let ourselves to be divided from how we truly think of ourselves and our values. The psychological effects on targeting the poor is that it results in viewers, in this case non-Appalachians feel that the are somehow superior to their rural counterparts (Bradner,3). Harold Rogers, a U.S. Rep. once asked said â€Å"no one would dare propose creating a program focusing on stereotypes about African Americans, Muslims or JewsWhy then would it be ok to base those of us living in rural America?.† (Bradner,2) Roger’s point is that American society is a double standard which makes it acceptable to bash the poor and make them the ridicule of our jokes. Ultimately this perpetuation of the poor changes our values. The depictions of reality TV about the poor are not only seen through the cast, but it is lived vicariously through its viewers. Stereotyping poses a problem because it forces groups to conform into a set standard and this affects the viewers perception by not allowing them to break past these set standards. Consequently, one can not create healthy relationships because there is a barrier due to what we see on reality TV (Bradner, 4). Moreover, the greatest damage of all will forever be the cast which will be seen as the fake person alities producers have made them to become (Bradner, 4). These shows are devastating on both viewers and the demographic. These findings have important implications on the border domain of just how much reality TV has become an American staple. Its negative jokes are contagious (Strachan, 1). The point is there can still be Reality TV shows starring the poor, however these shows should not show the molded personalities of the cast and their outrageous behavior. Instead, it ought to show how these people are just like everyone else, with a dream a sense of individualism and how the conditions of poverty has propels them to better their life. One example of this kind of show could be The Wire which shows how urban inequality affects the poor and their drive to overcome these set stereotypes (Blair, 2). Today, we we live in a realm of Reality TV because we have been so internalized by set standards. Reality TV’s influence is a persisting force which in the end, results in the producers having the last laugh. It is our duty as citizens to not become ambiguous to the colorblind biases perpetuated through television. It is our job as audiences to determine what is real, what is reality and redefine the accepted life lessons taught by reality TV. Citations: Blair, Elizabeth. From Good Times To Honey Boo Boo: Who Is Poor On TV? NPR. NPR, 05 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 May 2015. Brandner, Alexandra. America’s Favorite Joke Is Anything but Funny.Saloncom RSS. Salon, 7 Jan. 2013. Web. 13 May 2015. Strachan, Alex. Effects Are Real, Even If Shows Arent. Times Colonist (Victoria, British Columbia) (n.d.): n. pag. LexisNexis Academic [LexisNexis]. Web. 14 May 2015. Herald, Telegraph. Reality TVs Potshot at Poor Goes Too Far; Turn It Off: CBS Hopes to Get America Laughing at the Expense of Real-life hillbillies in California. Telegraph Herald (Dubuque, IA) (2002): n. pag. LexisNexis Academic [LexisNexis]. Web. 14 May 2015.

Gay Rights: Homosexuals Deserve the same Rights as Heterosexuals Essay

Homosexual people do not want to have special privileges. They just want to have the same rights as heterosexuals, nothing more, and nothing less. Homosexuals are a growing minority with nearly a million gays and lesbians identifying themselves as members of same-sex couples in the 2000 census. But the total gay population is much larger, since the census didn’t provide an opportunity for single homosexuals to identify their sexual orientation, and didn’t count gay couples who live apart (Mason 1). There are no legitimate reasons why homosexuals should not have the same rights as heterosexuals. Our country disgraces itself when it â€Å"[†¦] accepts homosexuality as a sufficient cause for deprivation of normal civil rights [†¦]† (Nava, Dawidoff 144). If a homosexual is United States citizen, they should receive the same rights as all other citizens, regardless of their sexual orientation. Gay men and lesbians deserve the right to marry, to not be discri minated against, and to be in the military. Marriage is ever changing. Wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds for a divorce (Stoddard 32). With all of these changes would it not be accurate to say that legalizing and recognizing same-sex marriages is the next step? Marriage is more than a commitment to love one another. â€Å"Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse’s property, as well as pension and other rights† (Stoddard 4... ...cause there is no law stating it is illegal, but 48 states, all but Vermont and Hawaii, will not acknowledge a gay marriage. If a homosexual is United States citizen, they should receive the same rights as all other citizens, regardless of their sexual orientation. Gay men and lesbians deserve the right to marry, to not be discriminated against, and to be in the military. Does it seem fair to keep all homosexuals from what they justly deserve? References Jackson, Benjamin. â€Å"Anti-homosexual Crime†. Pages 1-2. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2002. Mason, Margie. â€Å"Census Figures on Same-Sex Couples†. Page 1. www.speakout.com. 8/8/01 Nava, Michael, and Robert Dawidoff. â€Å"The Ick Factor: Yes†. Taking Sides. Pages 144-151. 1994. Stoddard, Thomas. â€Å"Gay Marriage: Make Them Legal†. Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Pages 31 – 52. Bedford Books. Boston. 1996

A Case Study of Domino’s Pizza’s Crisis Communication Strategies Essay

If a company experiences a huge crisis, there is no shortcut: the companies will definitely suffer and without elaborate strategies, and the company might never be the same again. The point of debate holds that instead of responding to a crisis as a defeat, the company should recognize the fact that it is another opportunity window and find the best approach out of the crisis, essentially, with its brand image and reputation intact. In reference to Weiss (2009), possessing knowledge of communicating with the company stakeholders could produce major significance for a corporation during crisis irrespective of the severity of the situation. The organizations managing crisis may disregard the power of social media culture that is always very influential. Social media can be addressed both outside and within the organization. Bell, (2010) refers to media culture as crossing boundaries. Therefore, the plans for crisis communication should account for the variables of social media culture. The inclined era of globalization, the world is becoming more connected, and organizations venture into new environments. The hotly contested topic of communication crisis is naturally cross-social media culture and requires attention as part of organizational growth and development.Social media are currently bridging a major headache to the corporate world since it has proved the ability of showing and spreading news. In the previous years, the elite journalist could assist in breaking bad news. However, currently anyone can break bad news and spread it in the social media. From the corporate point of view, the decisions of generating bad news form the company instantly signifies crisis that leads to the negative impact on brand, sales, and word of advertisements. Globalization has resulted into the era of social media. Previously, companies would respond to bad news by releasing public apologies or position statements using the traditional media within a period of few days. This is no longer the case today. The public is constantly scrutinizing the corporate world and expects the company to release prompt apology within the shortest time possible directly using the social media. This has led to a great interest from the companies to establish the manner in which bad news speedily spreads in the social media. Their major concerns are establishing the feeling of the public and propaganda that influences the public sentiments. The efforts of public relations convey the values, perspectives and norms of organizations that function together to unify the organization (Bell, 2010). A crisis can occur anytime anywhere. It may incorporate complications within any number of cultures or involve conflicts within a single culture. Bell further indicates that perceptions can get swayed with sound organization insight and adequate planning. The organization should adopt a plan that addresses current and future issues, however, in some circumstances, such plans can prove to be an invaluable tool in times of crisis in the organization. The global practitioners of public relations must offer their collaboration strategies with stakeholders to assist in pooling ideas, resources, and strategies together that gets dispersed in dissimilar ways worldwide. This proposal case study investigates the strategies on one of the first companies to experience a global serious brand reputation due to spread of bad new in the social med ia. Particularly, this research proposal investigates Domino’s Pizza’s crisis management strategies. The proposal analyzes previous studies as a source of secondary data to that would offer a comparison with this study. Background of the Study/ Domino’s Pizza’s Communication Strategy                  As of 1997, Domino’s Pizza was the largest company delivering pizza in the world. Besides, it was the world’s second-largest pizza chain. The company had 4, 431 delivery stores for pizza in the United States. Additionally, the company had more than 1, 521 units in 59 foreign investments by the end of 1997(Peeples & Vaughn, 2010). The sales of the company were worth $3.16 billion providing it with the place as 200th largest private company on the Forbes private list of 500 companies. The company sells multiple products including pan, deep-dish and thin crust pizzas. Despite the excellent international recognition and robust wealth, the company experienced a crisis that made it a historic area of studies within the public relations and communication Domino’s. The crisis of Domino’s pizza began when two company employees produced and uploaded a vulgar video in YouTube in 2009. The video shown the two employees engaging in a number of health law violations, particularly, blowing mucous on sandwich, putting cheese on the nose, and putting a sponge that is meant to wash dishes between the buttocks. Within limited time, the video popularized and gained viral publicity with more than half a million views and the major news media covering the event (Peeples & Vaughn, 2010). It followed that the public joined the discourse and started discussing the video via social media.Weiss, (2009) reports that most of the video discussions took place on Twitter, and investigative research accounts that nearly 15, 000 subscribers of Twitter provided their opinion on the event. The company responded by sharing an apology on Twitter by sharing the chief executive officer apology on YouTube. The response from Dominos was too late, approximately 48 hours after the event, according to (Aula, 2011). The video got posted on a Monday night, and the company responded on Wednesday. Despite the quick efforts from the internal teamwork to form a strategy on Tuesday, the initial intentions of the company were trying not to, because it wanted to restrict further public knowledge on the video. The company failed to issue formal press release to the mainstream press and went against the idea of hiring the external crisis management experts to solve the crisis creatively. However, investigations show that it opened a twitter account to tackle the inquiries from the consumers. Thereafter, the company reached a decision to issue a YouTube apology to quell the already intensified public relations nightmare that was played in t multiple media mainstreams. The crisis caused dire consequences for the company. A study however reveals that crisis communication researchers have not validated such case studies using a systematic analysis on public sentiments on social media (HCD Research, 2009). Literature Review/ Previous Research                  This section presents the research done on the effects of crisis management case studies. The section provides an empirical review of both academic and scholarly data obtained from previous studies. The scholarly work presented in this chapter will provide the basis for analysis that will ultimately assist in answering the research question. The main literature reviews the previous works on strategies of crisis management case study, particularly the case of Domino’s Pizza crisis management. The review adopts a communication and mass media approach to providing analysis of effectiveness public relations in the same context. The literature analysis uses theory us and sub-theories to increase the understanding of the social media industry the proposal will investigate and provide and comprehend a holistic picture of the phenomena.Schiller, (2007) reports on the research on communication crisis literature base on the mechanisms that should be employed by the organizations to manage the crisis and based on the four requirements adopted through research validations. According to the study, the four requirements of crisis response management highlights that the company should be quick to respond in the shortest time possible, be accurate and provide an empirical analysis of the facts with absolute care. Additionally, response to a communication crisis requires companies to avoid saying no comments and be consistent and avoid statement contradictions to the company stakeholders. As outlined by Coombs (2008), the content research put emphasis on more resolves and strategy around the crisis messages that should be communicated to the shareholders. Research on crisis communication has previously focused on managing the reactions of the stakeholders to a crisis. The scholars have put more concentration on the actions and words used to respond to a crisis. Particularly, the researchers have broken the strategies into three categories. Th ese are instructing information, reputation repair and adjusting information.Coombs, (2008) asserts that instructing information provides informational power to the shareholders the degree of physical preparation in the event a crisis emerges. Particularly, this means the application of warning signals that is usually coupled with instructions. Adjusting the information significantly helps the industry stakeholders to develop a coping psychological strategy with the crisis. The repair of reputation entails all the measures put by the organization to repair or protect the perception of the stakeholders towards the organization. The recent strategy by Dominos Pizza to market itself with sole intentions of improving is empirical for this proposal in terms of repair of reputation. According to Schiller (2007), the organization admitted that they had manufactured an inferior product but offered assurance on quality improvement. This is an attempt by the organization to repair the reputat ion. Researchers agree that the core factors intertwined in an organizational crisis including urgency, unpredictability, significant threats. The researchers further assert that the public is often unwilling to engage in social media discussions when an event is unexpected or important. The immediate principle of communication crisis management is to tell the truth. The company should face the public and provide the real issue behind the crisis. In the situations of crisis, social constructions and multiple truths of events simultaneously seek public attention. The company, customers and the employees and the media are the key stakeholders for crisis management. Claeys and Cauberghe, (2012) references that the case of Domino Pizza in particular had watchdog organizations such as Consumerist.com and GoodAsYou.org that were constructing the event versions. As established the research article, the truth that Tim McIntyre, the company communication vice president intended to convey was that the event was stage managed and it was a rogue act of two employees who though they were creating fun and that they did not present the brand of Domino Pizza. Likewise, they outlined that the two employees were not the representative of the 10, 000 individuals that tirelessly work fo r the company across the globe (Aula, 2011). Furthermore, the study reveals that the truth that Patrick Doyle had intentions of articulating was that the company did not do the act and that they were sorry for the rogue event. Therefore, the company moved forward to restore their reputation as an attempt to respond to the crisis. A research that studied the case of Domino Pizza identified two types of tweets contents. Likewise, Young and Flowers (2012) write that they were fact and opinions. The tweets on facts had no sentiments, however, just stated the event. The category incorporated more links without any text, simple link introductions or links with the same headline of the website linked. On the other hand, the opinion category had tweets that were either positive or negative sentiments. But, based on the incident the nature, most of the tweets were negative. Therefore, the company adopted an apology strategy to solve the crisis. Discussions from the research outline that the officials’ corporate apology dropped the level of negative sentiments from 82.8 percent to 54.6 percent. Still, the level of positive sentiments increased mysteriously from 06 percent to 5.5 percent. Claeys and Cauberghe, (2012) reinforces that crisis communication management practice in situations where companies provides p ublic apology, they do not develop high or sudden increase of praise. Rather, they expect the negative sentiments from the public to become more rational because of the apology and calm down sequentially. The analysis of Domino Pizza confirms the expectations. Peeples and Vaughn, (2010) adds that the number of factual tweets significantly inclined from 16.7 percent to 39.9 percent. Therefore, the case of Domino Pizza public apology calmed and reduced the amount of negative opinions and increased positive and facts in the Twitter conversations. A study by Coombs, (2008) concludes that the best and the only approach to reduce the social media impact on the crisis are to integrate the social media into the crisis communication strategies and provide a dialogue monitoring on the social media. Claeys et.al (2012) harmonizes the fact that the brads that have the best public perception will be the one that will apply the online tools as their potential customers. Likewise, Young and Flowers (2012) evaluated and concluded that the effective leverage of the social media by Dominos was identical to the style used by the pranksters. That is, to transparently communicate the efforts of the company to solve the crisis. Finally, the company emerged from the viral media criticizes and still knowledgeable on the real face of crisis communication strategies in the practical age of social media. Peeples et.al (2010) asserts that the incident of Domino Pizza was a practical implication for crisis managers in the globalized business world. He puts that once a company experiences a crisis of bad news to the social media; they should respond with a quick reaction, apology and admit the mistakes appropriately. A study by Coombs, (2008) confirmed the positive effects of corporate apologies to the public in social media, YouTube and Twitter both in Korea and the U.S. secondly, the companies should engage in conversations with the social media during the official times and not just after a crisis hits the company. Lastly, based on the speed at which social media news spread, the company should be ready to respond within hours after the event, rather than within days. Research Questions                  By conducting an empirical analysis to the sentiments of the public in social media based on the crisis of Domino Pizza, the study will attempt to answer the following questions:1. How does the structure of the network determine the effectiveness of communication crisis solution strategy? 2. How can the company strategize to reduce the negative sentiments and increase positive sentiments of social media? 3. What are the temporal and spatial characteristics of diffusion influences strategic solutions of communication crisis in the corporate bad news? Methodology                  This chapter provides a description of scope and methodology of this proposal. This chapter examines the scope of the research proposal and builds understanding of the research source of primary data and why the data will be adopted for the study. Likewise, the chapter will provide information of the sample data and method of collecting the data for the research study. The proposal methodology provides empirical explanations on how and why the study will employ a quantitative survey to answer the research questions. Furthermore, the methodology explanations provide a systemic approach to analysis of findings, conclusion and the implication sections that will be presented in the final stage of the research. The scope of the study focuses on strategies for managing communication crisis with reference to the strategies employed by Domino Pizza. The goal will be based on the strategies that were used by the company to solve the communication crisis on the bas is of social media.The research will conduct a sample survey of various primary sources of information fro the analysis. First, the research will use online survey on the company website and corporate reports to establish the primary data. It is essential to note that online survey of data collection will be instrumental for the research provided the time and financial constraints attached to the study/. This proposal provides that the company website will provide primary data that would be reputable and enhance empirical analysis. Corporate reports on the strategies used by the company to manage the crisis will also provide primary information that will be significant for cross analysis. To establish the validity of the data collected, this section will provide data for cross comparison with the previous research that has been conducted in the same topic.Furthermore, this proposal will use live interviews from the professionals and officials from the company to provide primary data for analysis. Corbin and Strauss, (1998) explains that live interviews and phone interviews are a technology facilitated method of collecting data for analysis. It is based on the premise that recorded live interviews from the company officials, and professionals such as crisis managers that reacted to the incident through an interview in the social media cannot be distorted. This is a cheap method of collecting primary data using the technological advantages. The professional and company official interview records are present and easily accessible within the website of the company and other websites of the social media archives. Close examination of the URLs that the public used to post their comments and the company used to engage the customers will also be audited. The approach of auditing the URLs used by the company and its stakeholders will provide the direct reaction from the company that will primarily constitute the raw data for the analysis. Auditing to the URL postings w ill also provide statistical information of the percentages of the tweets, both positive and negative that came from the public. Likewise, statistical information will be computed based on the finding of the nature of public reaction after the response from the company and before the response from company officials. This will show the effectiveness or the ineffectiveness of the approach the company developed to restore their reputation and brand (Corbin and Strauss, 1998). Finally, the primary data that will be collected will provide evidential information on the strategies employed by Domino Pizza in curbing the communication crisis. References Aula, P. (2011). Meshworked reputation: Publicists’ views on the reputational impacts of online communication. Public Relations Review, 37, 28-36. Bell, L. M. (2010). Crisis communication: The praxis of response. The Review of Communication, 10(2), 142-155. Claeys, A., & Cauberghe, V. (2012). Crisis response and crisis timing strategies, two sides of the same coin. Public Relations Review, 38, 83-88. Coombs, W. T. (2008, April 2). Crisis communication and social media. Institute for Public Relations. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-communication-and-social-media/ Coombs, W.T. (2008). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research‟, 3Ed, Sage Publications, Inc.HCD Research .(2009). Domino’s Brand Takes a Hit after YouTubeâ€Å"Prank† Video.http://tinyurl.com/d4e47h Peeples, A. & Vaughn, C. (2010). Domino’s â€Å"special† delivery: Going viral through social media (Parts A & B). Arthur W. Page Society case study competition in corporate communications. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.awpagesociety.com/insights/winning-case-studies/2010 Schiller, M. (2007, March 5). Crisis and the web: How to leverage the Internet when a brand takes a hit. Adweek, 48(10), 16.Weiss, T. (2009, April 22). Crisis management—Domino’s case study research. Trendsspotting Blog. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.trendsspotting.com/blog/?p=1061 Young, C. l., & Flowers, A. (2012). Fight viral with viral: A Case Study of Domino’s Pizza’s Crisis Communication Strategies. Case studies in strategic communication, 1, article 6. Source document